Το αρχέτυπο του περιστρόφου με τη σύγχρονη μορφή είναι το Smith & Wesson Model 10.
Έκανε το ντεμπούτο του το 1899. Τότε περιγραφόταν με τον λεπτομερή τίτλο “.38 Hand Ejector”, ο οποίος παρέπεμπε στη δυνατότητα του να απορρίπτει χειροκίνητα τους κάλυκες. Αυτό το διαφοροποιούσε από τα προηγούμενα μοντέλα με τον αυτόματο εξολκέα και τον αρθρωτό σκελετό. Χρησιμοποιούσε το νέο (για τότε) διαμέτρημα .38 Special που αποτελούσε άλμα ισχύος σε σχέση με τους προκατόχους του.
Μηχανικά
Το Μ10 είναι ένα περίστροφο κλειστού σκελετού με βυκίο που ανοίγει προς τα αριστερά, αποκαλύπτοντας τις έξι θέσεις του βυκίου.
Ένας άξονας φροντίζει για την ευθυγράμμιση του με την κάνη και ταυτόχρονα στηρίζει τον εξωστήρα. Σπρώχνοντας τον με φορά από την κάνη προς τη λαβή, οι κάλυκες απορρίπτονται ταυτόχρονα και αδειάζουν τις θαλάμες για επαναγέμιση. Αυτή τη μέθοδο χρησιμοποιούν πλέον τα περισσότερα όπλα με βυκίο. Ένα συρταρωτό κομβίο πίσω από την αριστερή πλευρά του βυκίου είναι το κλειδί που συγκρατεί το όπλο κλειστό.
Η σκανδάλη πυροδοτεί τα φυσίγγια με την όπλιση και κατόπιν την απελευθέρωση της σφύρας (“διπλή ενέργεια”). Παράλληλα κινεί ένα “μπράτσο” στο κάτω μέρος του βυκίου, το οποίο περιστρέφει και ευθυγραμμίζει την κάνη με την επόμενη θαλάμη.
Οι κάνες έρχονται συνήθως σε μήκος 10cm αν και υπάρχουν παραλλαγές για απόκρυψη (5cm). Στη μακρόχρονη παραγωγή έχουν εμφανιστεί εναλλακτικά με 13cm, 15cm αλλά και 6cm για
συγκεκριμένους πελάτες.
Σε γενικές γραμμές το βάρος κυμαίνεται μεταξύ 900 και 1.000 γραμμαρίων, εξαρτώμενο από το μήκος και το προφίλ της κάνης. Το συνηθισμένο αρχικά ήταν οι κάνες να έχουν λεπτό προφίλ (με λιγότερο μέταλλο περιμετρικά του σωλήνα), αλλά συν τω χρόνω έγινε δημοφιλές το “βαρύ” προφίλ με το σωλήνα της κάνης να διατηρεί παχύτερα τοιχώματα.
Θεωρητικά, αυτό προσφέρει καλύτερη διάχυση θερμότητας σε παρατεταμένες βολές και μετριάζει την αναπήδηση λόγω ανάκρουσης.
Έχοντας σχεδιαστεί για αστυνομική και στρατιωτική χρήση, το Μ10 αποφεύγει τα ρυθμιζόμενα σκοπευτικά. Το κλισιοσκόπιο υποκαθίσταται από ένα “κανάλι” που κόβεται με φρέζα απευθείας στην κορυφή του σκελετού, εμπρός από τη σφύρα.
Είναι δυσδιάκριτο, σε οτιδήποτε λιγότερο από τέλειο φωτισμό, αλλά και πρακτικά αδύνατο να καταστραφεί, όσο και αν κακοποιηθεί το όπλο. Η ακίδα αρχικά αποτελούσε μια ημικυκλική προεξοχή στο
στόμιο της κάνης. Με την πάροδο των χρόνων εξελίχθηκε σε μια σταθερή “ράμπα” που φέρει χαράξεις, ώστε να “σβήνει” την αντανάκλαση του φωτός. Σε σχέση με τα σύγχρονα όπλα, τα παρωχημένα σκοπευτικά είναι το μελανό σημείο του κλασικού Smith.
Στρογγυλό ή τετράγωνο
Αρχικά οι σκελετοί διαμορφώνονταν με στρογγυλεμένες και λεπτές λαβές, προς χάρη του μικρότερου προφίλ και της ευκολίας απόκρυψης. Αργότερα δημιουργήθηκε αυτό που ονομάστηκε “square butt” η τετραγωνισμένη απόληξη στη λαβή που επέτρεπε μεγαλύτερα πλακίδια. Η λογική σε αυτή την εξέλιξη ήταν η ανάγκη για καλύτερο κράτημα. Η μεγαλύτερη επιφάνεια αυξάνει τον έλεγχο αλλά ταυτόχρονα δημιουργεί ένα δυσκολότερα αποκρύψιμο περίστροφο.
Η φιλονικία κράτησε για περίπου 40 χρόνια με “ορκισμένους πιστούς” και στα δύο στρατόπεδα. Το εργοστάσιο έδινε τη δυνατότητα επιλογής μεταξύ στρογγυλεμένου ή τετράγωνο σκελετού, αλλά τελικά η λογική πρυτάνευσε προς χάρη της οικονομίας. Τα σύγχρονα Μ10 (αλλά και τα υπόλοιπα περίστροφα της S&W) φεύγουν από το εργοστάσιο με το λεπτό προφίλ λαβής. Το σκεπτικό αυτής της απόφασης είναι πως αν ο χρήστης επιθυμεί μεγαλύτερο προφίλ λαβών μπορεί να αγοράσει φαρδιά πλακίδια από ξύλο ή ελαστικό και να τα βιδώσει στο σκελετό. Αν όμως είχε την ανάγκη να μειώσει το μεγάλου προφίλ σκελετό για να ταιριάξει με μικρότερες παλάμες, θα έπρεπε να
μετατρέψει το σκελετό, αφαιρώντας μέταλλο. Αυτή είναι μια πολύπλοκη και ακριβή διαδικασία που απαιτεί οπλουργικές γνώσεις.
Ένα παγκόσμιο περίστροφο
Ο συγκεκριμένος συνδυασμός όπλου και φυσιγγίου έγινε δημοφιλής και είναι ο πλέον αντιγραμμένος όλων των εποχών.
Χρησιμοποιήθηκε και συνεχίζει να υπάρχει από τον Καναδά ως την Ιαπωνία, ενώ υπηρέτησε σε κάθε πόλεμο από το Β’ παγκόσμιο μέχρι σήμερα. Έχουν κατασκευαστεί πάνω από επτά εκατομμύρια
αντίγραφα και η παραγωγή του συνεχίζεται με μικροβελτιώσεις.
Μετά το 1957 που η εταιρεία άρχισε να δίνει αριθμούς στα μοντέλα της, ονομάστηκε Model 10. Έχουν υπάρξει πολλές παραλλαγές (ταξινομημένες από 10-1 ως το σύγχρονο 10-10) και αναρίθμητα μοντέλα που κατασκευάζονται στον ίδιο σκελετό. Τέτοια είναι τα M12 -ουσιαστικά το ίδιο περίστροφο με αλουμινένιο σκελετό για μικρότερο βάρος- τα Μ13 και Μ19 στο ισχυρότερο .357 magnum, τα Μ14 και Μ15 που έχουν ρυθμιζόμενα σκοπευτικά (σε .38 Special επίσης) και τα αντίστοιχα “ανοξείδωτα Μ64, Μ65 και Μ66. Το ίδιο πρότυπο (γνωστό ως “Κ-frame” εσωτερικά στη S&W) έγινε η βάση για ανάπτυξη άλλων περιστρόφων σε διαμετρήματα από .22 (.22LR και .22WMR), .32 SW και κάποια ακόμη που πλέον έχουν εκκλείψει.
Εργοστάσια σε μέρη από τη Σερβία και τη Βραζιλία μέχρι την Κίνα και την Τουρκία έχουν αντιγράψει το μηχανισμό του Μ10, αποδεικνύοντας τη βιωσιμότητα του σχεδίου.
Το 1985, η Smith ενίσχυσε και αναβάθμισε το σκελετό για να αντέχει τις πιέσεις των γομώσεων magnum χωρίς κόπωση και το αποτέλεσμα ήταν το βαρύτερο “L-frame”. H λειτουργία και πολλά απάρτια παρέμειναν τα ίδια, ενώ λόγω ζήτησης η παραγωγή του παλιότερου Μ10 δε σταμάτησε ποτέ επί 124 συναπτά έτη.
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